Pena, Margarita E Effect on efficiency and cost-effectiveness when an observation unit is managed as a closed unit vs an open unit. [electronic resource] - The American journal of emergency medicine Jul 2013 - 1042-6 p. digital Publication Type: Comparative Study; Evaluation Study; Journal Article ISSN: 1532-8171 Standard No.: 10.1016/j.ajem.2013.03.035 doi Subjects--Topical Terms: Cost-Benefit AnalysisEfficiency, Organizational--economicsEmergency Service, Hospital--organization & administrationHospital Costs--statistics & numerical dataHospital Units--economicsHospitals, Teaching--economicsHumansLength of Stay--economicsMichiganPatient Admission--economicsRetrospective Studies